----------
20181119

ref:
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/statements-expressions-operators/default-value-expressions


T t = default(T);

var s = default(string);
var d = default(dynamic);
var i = default(int);
var n = default(int?); // n is a Nullable int where HasValue is false.

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // Test with a non-empty list of integers.
            GenericList<int> gll = new GenericList<int>();
            gll.AddNode(5);
            gll.AddNode(4);
            gll.AddNode(3);
            int intVal = gll.GetLast();
            // The following line displays 5.
            System.Console.WriteLine(intVal);

            // Test with an empty list of integers.
            GenericList<int> gll2 = new GenericList<int>();
            intVal = gll2.GetLast();
            // The following line displays 0.
            System.Console.WriteLine(intVal);

            // Test with a non-empty list of strings.
            GenericList<string> gll3 = new GenericList<string>();
            gll3.AddNode("five");
            gll3.AddNode("four");
            string sVal = gll3.GetLast();
            // The following line displays five.
            System.Console.WriteLine(sVal);

            // Test with an empty list of strings.
            GenericList<string> gll4 = new GenericList<string>();
            sVal = gll4.GetLast();
            // The following line displays a blank line.
            System.Console.WriteLine(sVal);
        }
    }

    // T is the type of data stored in a particular instance of GenericList.
    public class GenericList<T>
    {
        private class Node
        {
            // Each node has a reference to the next node in the list.
            public Node Next;
            // Each node holds a value of type T.
            public T Data;
        }

        // The list is initially empty.
        private Node head = null;

        // Add a node at the beginning of the list with t as its data value.
        public void AddNode(T t)
        {
            Node newNode = new Node();
            newNode.Next = head;
            newNode.Data = t;
            head = newNode;
        }

        // The following method returns the data value stored in the last node in
        // the list. If the list is empty, the default value for type T is
        // returned.
        public T GetLast()
        {
            // The value of temp is returned as the value of the method. 
            // The following declaration initializes temp to the appropriate 
            // default value for type T. The default value is returned if the 
            // list is empty.
            T temp = default(T);

            Node current = head;
            while (current != null)
            {
                temp = current.Data;
                current = current.Next;
            }
            return temp;
        }
    }
}

public struct Point
{
    public double X { get; }
    public double Y { get; }

    public Point(double x, double y)
    {
        X = x;
        Y = y;
    }
}

public class LabeledPoint
{
    public double X { get; private set; }
    public double Y { get; private set; }
    public string Label { get; set; }

    // Providing the value for a default argument:
    public LabeledPoint(double x, double y, string label = default)
    {
        X = x;
        Y = y;
        Label = label;
    }

    public static LabeledPoint MovePoint(LabeledPoint source, 
        double xDistance, double yDistance)
    {
        // return a default value:
        if (source == null)
            return default;

        return new LabeledPoint(source.X + xDistance, source.Y + yDistance, 
        source.Label);
    }

    public static LabeledPoint FindClosestLocation(IEnumerable<LabeledPoint> sequence, 
        Point location)
    {
        // initialize variable:
        LabeledPoint rVal = default;
        double distance = double.MaxValue;

        foreach (var pt in sequence)
        {
            var thisDistance = Math.Sqrt((pt.X - location.X) * (pt.X - location.X) +
                (pt.Y - location.Y) * (pt.Y - location.Y));
            if (thisDistance < distance)
            {
                distance = thisDistance;
                rVal = pt;
            }
        }

        return rVal;
    }

    public static LabeledPoint ClosestToOrigin(IEnumerable<LabeledPoint> sequence)
        // Pass default value of an argument.
        => FindClosestLocation(sequence, default);
}